Rabu, 25 September 2013

Ophthalmology Mnemonics

ophthalmology mnemonics
Behcet's Disease - ORAL UPSET

Occlusive periphlebitis 
Retinitis 
Anterior uveitis 
Leakage from retinal vessels 
Ulceration (aphthous/genital) 
Pustules after skin trauma (Pathergy test) 
Scratching leaves lines (dermatographism) 

Erythema nodosum 
Thrombophlebitis
Cherry red spot: Causes
"Quick Pick My Tea BAGS"
Quinine amblyopia
niemann Pick's disease
Multiple sulfatase deficiency, Metachromatic leucodystrophy
Tay sach's disease
Berlin's edema
CRAO
Gaucher's disease, Gangliosidosis

Sandhoff's disease, Sialidosis

causes of Choroidal neovascular membrane with- HAMMAR

Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid


Posterior subcapsular cataract: Causes
"I Got A BSC"
Ionizing radiation
Glass blower's cataract
Atopic dermatitis
Busulfan
Steroids

Chloroquine

causes of trabecular pigmentation - PIGMENT
Pseudoexfoliation & Pigment dispersion syndrome
Iritis
Glaucoma (Post angle closure Glaucoma)
Melanosis of angle (oculodermal melanosis)
Endocrine (Diabetes & Addison’s Syndrome)
Naevus (Cogan-reese syndrome)
Trauma


sterilization in ophthalmology - ABCDEFG
AUTOCLAVE
BOILING
CHEMICALS like Alcohol (Rectified spirit), Isopropyl alcohol/CIDEX: 2% Glutaraldehyde
DRY HEAT temperature of 150°C is used for 90 minutes
ETHYLENE OXIDE for sterilization of IOL etc.
FUMIGATION of operation theatre/ FORMALIN vapour
GAMMA-IRRADIATION: Gamma rays from Cobalt-60


refractive indices of ocular media -8303 (from anterior to posterior)
cornea 1.38
aq humour 1.3
3
lens 1.4
0
vit humour 1.3
3


 "DWARF" for  Nystagmus
Direction=plane of movement-horizontal,vertical
Waveform= Pendular or Jerky
Amplitude= fine or coarse
Rest=At primary position or gaze evolked
Frequency= How often the eye moves

characteristics of Perinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome - "CLUES"

Convergence retraction nystagmus
Lightnear Dissociation
Upgaze paralysis
Eyelid retraction
Skew deviation

ocular features of acromegaly - ACROM
Angiod streaks
Chiasmal syndrome
Retinopathy
Optic atrophy,papilloedema
Muscle enlargement

systemic features of Marfan syndrome - MARFANS
Mitral prolapse
Aortic dissection
Regurgitant aortic valve
Fingers long (arachnodactyly)
Arm span>height
Nasal voice (high arched palate)
Sternal excavation

ocular features of Marfan’s syndrome - CLUMPS
Cupping (glaucoma)
Lattice
Upward lens subluxation
Myopia
Cornea Plana
Sclera blue

types of colour blindness- TuB PaR DoG
TRITOANOPES = BLUE
PROTOANOPES = RED
DEUTROANOPES= GREEN
Remember the causes of lid retraction with 4 MP
4M= Myasthenia Gravis,Marcus Gunn jaw winkling syndrome,Myotonic causes like dystrophica myotonica.Metabolic cuses like uraemia,cirrhosis
4P=Perinauds syndrome,Parkinson's Disease/Progressive supranuclear palsy,Ptosis of other eye,Palsy (aberrant III crnaial nerve regeneration)


content and veins draining the Cavernous Sinus - Rule of 3

3 Afferent veins: Sphenoparietal sinus (Vault veins), Supf Middle cerebral Vein (Brain), Ophthalmic vein (Orbit)
3 Efferent Veins: Superior petrosal sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus, Communicating vein to pterygoid plexus
3 Contents; Cranial Nerves (III,IV, V1,V2 & VI)
3 Areas Drain into it: Vault Bones, Brain (Cerebral Hemisphere), Orbit
3 Nerves: Motor(III,IV,VI),Sensory (V1,V2), Sympathetic


causes of pseudo tumor cerebri - " Idiopathic IDEA"

Idiopathic
Infections-Otitis media,mastoiditis,viral infections etc
Drugs-Steroid withdrawl,Vitamin A intoxication,Nalidixic acid,amidarone,cyclosporin,minocycline
Endocrine-obese,amennorrheic woman of child bearing age, Hypoparathyroidism
Anaemia

causes of downbeat nystagmus -DoWNBEAT

Degeneration,Demyelination or Drugs (Lithium)
Wernicke's Encephalopathy
Neoplasm or paraneoplastic cerebeller degeneration
Brainstem disease (Syringomyelia)
Encephalitis
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Trauma or Toxin


angle structures - "I Can See Till Schwalbe's Line"
Iris root
Cilliary Body
Scleral spur
Trabecular Meshwork
Schwalbe's Line

ocular structures derived from neuroectoderm - MORE
Muscles of pupil
Optic Nerve
Retina (with RPE)
Epithelium of Iris
Epithelium of Cilliary Body



structures derived from surface ectoderm - S1L2E3
Skin of Eyelids and its derivatives viz. cilia, tarsal glands, conjunctival gland
Lens, 
Lacrimal Gland,
Epithelium of Conjunctiva,
Epithelium of Cornea,
Epithelium of lacrimal passage


Stromal dystrophies - Marilyn Monroe Always Gets Her Man in LA City.
Macular dystrophy
Mucopolysaccharide
Alcian blue

Granular Dystrophy
Hyaline material
Masson's Trichrome

Lattice Dystrophy
Amyloid
Congo Red


drugs causing cataract -ABCD
Amiodarone 
Busulphan 
Chlorpromazine 
Dexamethasone


causes of Uniocular diplopia - ABCD
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens



microtropia-  3 A
Anisometropia
Angle small
Absent central field (Central suppression scotoma)


congenital nystagmus - CONGENITAL

Convergence & eye closure dampens
Oscillopsia absent
Null zone that is present,increases foveation time which results in increased acuity
Gaze poisition doesnot change the horizontal direction of nystagmus
Equal amplitude and frequency in each eye
Near acuity is good
Inversion of optokinetic response
Turning of head to acheive null point
Abolishes in sleep
Latent (occlusion) nystagmus occurs

posterior scleritis -POST SCLER
Proptosis 
Ophthalmoplegia 
Swelling of disc 
Thickening of sclera (US/CT) & T sign (fluid in sub-Tenon’s space) 
Subretinal exudates 
Choroidal foLds 
Exudative RD 
Ring choroidal detachment



Keratoconus - CONES
Central scarring & Fleischer ring 
Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops) 
Nerves prominent 
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign) 
Striae (Vogt’s)



Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome -ICE

Iris Naevus
Chandler Syndrome
Essential Iris Atrophy



Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 
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